Month: October 2019

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Oct. 4, 2007 · For the first time ever, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted Thursday to send a federal reporter’s shield bill out of committee and to the Senate floor for a vote.

Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) presided over a markup session Thursday that ended with a 15-2 vote that sent the bill, S. 2035, to the Senate floor.

“The time for needless delay of this legislation has passed,” the senator said in prepared remarks. “We simply have no idea how many newsworthy stories have gone unwritten and unreported out of fear that a reporter would be forced to reveal a source, or face jail time.”

The bill faces an uncertain future on the Senate floor as critics, including the Bush administration contend that it would impair the government’s ability to discover leaks that pose a risk to national security.

The bill provides exemptions for cases involving ongoing terrorism investigations and an amendment by Sen. Sam Brownback (R-Kan.) prohibits accused spies, agents of foreign countries and terrorists from receiving the protections by arguing that they are journalists.

Brownback and Sen. Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.) voted against the bill. And Kyl, who has offered more than two dozen amendments to the current measure, was especially vocal about his national security-related concerns during Thursday’s markup.

However, the Arizona senator agreed to work with one of the bill’s sponsors, Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) to resolve some of his objections before the legislation reaches the full Senate.

The bill, which has the support of more than 50 news organizations, was one of two introduced in the Senate this year. The Judiciary Committee took up S. 2035, originally sponsored by Sens. Arlen Specter (R-Pa.) and Schumer, instead of a bill that would have provided greater protection for journalists, which was sponsored by Sens. Richard Lugar (R-Ind.) and Christopher Dodd (D-Conn.). Lugar and Dodd ended up co-sponsoring S. 2035.

The House Judiciary Committee passed a similar measure, H.R. 2102, in August. And in a speech to the Associated Press Managing Editors on Thursday, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said she plans to bring the bill up for a vote sometime this year.

“This is fundamental to our democracy and fundamental to the security of our country,” Pelosi said.

(S. 2035, Free Flow of Information Act of 2007)Jennifer Koons


© 2007 The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press · Return to: RCFP Home; News Page

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In a hunt for the source ofa grand jury leak, lawyers for aPennsylvania casino ownerhave demanded that15 reporters, including several from The Philadelphia Inquirer and The Associated Press,turn over their notes and personal cell phone bills.

The subpoenas are part of a judge’s hearing into whether a special prosecutor should be appointed to investigate the leak.

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Two [Allentown] Morning Call reporters were among those served with subpoenas Wednesday by attorneys for Louis DeNaples. The Poconos businessman was charged earlier this year with perjury inhis sworntestimony to gaming authorities.

The reporters were told to appear in court, notes in hand, on June 30.

”This is an attempt to inhibit the legitimate gathering of information by the press about issues of urgent interest to the citizens of Pennsylvania,”Ardith Hilliard, Morning Call vice president, told a reporter for the paper. ”We will vigorously defend our rights to fulfill this duty to the public. I am confident those rights will be upheld.”

AttorneyGayle C. Sproul, on behalf ofThe Morning Call and the AP, said they"will rely on the protections afforded by state and federal law."

Whilea federal shield law is still being hashed out in Congress, Pennsylvania law provides reporters an absolute privilege againsthaving to reveal their confidential sources in court.Just last year, in another case of a grand jury leak,the state Supreme Court overruled a lower court’s attempts to force a Scranton reporter to break a promise of confidentiality.

Houston Astros’ Michael Brantley hits an RBI single during the third inning of Game 3 of the baseball World Series against the Washington Nationals in Washington.

The Houston Astros beat the Washington Nationals 4-1 in Game 3 of the 2019 World Series in a game they had to win, breaking the Nationals’ eight-game winning streak in the postseason.

Houston, trailing the series 2-0, led the scoring with an RBI single in the second inning by right-fielder Josh Reddick after shortstop Carlos Correa doubled off of Washington’s starting pitcher Aníbal Sánchez.

The Astros added another run in the third inning on a single by left-fielder Michael Brantley, scoring second-baseman José Altuve, who had doubled and reached third base on an error by the Nats left-fielder Juan Soto. Houston’s 2-0 lead after three innings proved to be all they needed to take Game 3.

“I just liked the competitiveness of our at-bats,” Astros manager A.J. Hinch said in a postgame interview. “We were kind of pretty focused on handing the baton to the next guy, which is really important. We’re at our best when we do that.”

The Nationals got on the board in the bottom of the fourth inning on a triple by center fielder Victor Robles, scoring first baseman Ryan Zimmerman who had opened the frame with a walk, making the score 2-1.

The Astros responded with a run in the fifth inning after José Altuve doubled and Brantley singled for his second RBI, extending their lead to 3-1.

The Nats had chances to score, stranding eight runners over the first five innings, and 12 overall.

Houston chased Nats’ starter Sánchez in the top of the sixth after he gave up a homer to catcher Robinson Chirinos and then walked pinch hitter Kyle Tucker. The homer made the score 4-1.

Here’s what made this a must-win game for Houston: no team in the history of the Fall Classic has ever come back to win after losing the first three games. The Astros made sure they would not be in that position.

Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the nation’s capital since 1933.

Game 4 in Washington will feature Nationals lefty Patrick Corbin against the Astros’ rookie Jose Urquidy.

Louisville, Ky. — The NFCA is pleased to announce the winners of the 2019 Turface Athletics / NFCA Field of the Year award. Garnering recognition are Jane Sanders Stadium (University of Oregon), Triton Softball Field (University of California San Diego), Hoff Field/Luther College Softball Stadium, Grizzly Softball Complex (Georgia Gwinnett), Lady Viking Field (Grayson County College), Dean and Adah Gay Sports Complex (Bakersfield College) and The Rock Softball Complex (Strong Rock Christian School).

This award, made possible by NFCA Official Sponsor Turface Athletics, recognizes the top fields/stadiums in the nation for their flawless grounds maintenance and exceptional playing surfaces. The winners are selected by the NFCA Awards Committee.

NCAA Division I: Jane Sanders Stadium (Oregon)

Jane Sanders Stadium is a state-of-the-art facility with a stadium structure that allows for fans to be on top of the action. Home to the Oregon Ducks, the Jane holds a capacity crowd of 2,500 with 1,500 reserved chair back seats around the main bowl and another 1,000 permanent outfield bleacher seats (installed in 2018) in the centerfield, dubbed “The Bob.” Head groundskeeper Justin Arp keeps the Sunmark Seed and Soil, DR pro 5.5 with a mixture of Pro Choice Premium play infield in pristine condition.

NCAA Division II: Triton Softball Field (UC San Diego)

Triton softball field, located in La Jolla, Calif., was built in 2011 and features a stadium-seating capacity of 750, lights, newly renovated press box, netted backstop and a lighted batting cage with a turf floor. The newly renovated stadium-style seating, along with the netted backstop allows for perfect views of the field. Renovated sunken dugouts with helmet cubbies and a bat rack were recently added. While UC San Diego Recreation Operations – Armando Orozco, Scott Maitoza, Erick Arriaga, Jesus Hernandez and Bob Moore – works on the grass, it’s the coaching staff that spends hours upon hours preparing the dirt playing surface. Located above the stadium, a restaurant and coffee lounge allow fans to hangout, while watching the game.  

NCAA Division III: Hoff Field / Luther College Softball Stadium

Dedicated and named in 2016 after legendary NFCA Hall of Famer Betty A. Hoff, Hoff Field / Luther College Softball Stadium received upgrades that same year with new netting, elevated press box and stadium seating. The seating was purchased out of the former Metrodome in Minneapolis and later refurbished prior to installing. The infield was resurfaced this summer with Ball Field Aggregate dolomitic limestone. The dugouts, constructed in 2008, feature curved beams in a Norwegian-inspired design and individual “lockers” in the home dugout and a new windscreen was installed in 2017. A labor of love for assistant coaches Teri Olson and Miranda McCay, the duo does all the weeding, edging, clay repair and game-day preparation. 

NAIA: Grizzly Softball Complex (Georgia Gwinnett)

The Grizzly Softball Complex opened in the spring of 2013. The facility accommodates up to 600 fans and features a natural-grass field, consisting of Bermuda (summer/fall) and rye (winter/spring), full dugouts, complete with restrooms and a climate-controlled press box. Over the last three years, there have been gradual improvements made to enhance the facility structurally and aesthetically with new backstop padding, an artificial turf halo behind home plate, all netting and fence pad replaced, and the entire park enclosed with windscreen. In 2019 a player shelf was installed in the dugouts.

Behind the hard work of its crew – John Ihlenburg, Kyle Norton and Doug Court – the Grizzly Softball Complex is one of the top fields in the NAIA as its playing surface rivals many surfaces across the sport. The clay is laser graded each winter to ensure the crown of the field remains in order to maximize drainage. Additionally, a four-camera layout for video streaming will be installed for 2020. 

NJCAA: Lady Viking Field, Grayson County College (NJCAA DI)

Home of Grayson County College, Lady Viking Field was constructed in 1999. The playing surface is comprised of clay, sand and conditioner mix and the outfield grass of Bermuda overseeded with rye. In 2016, artificial turf was installed in foul territory from dugout to dugout. Large brick dugouts house the home and away sides of the field, while a newly installed grandstand behind home plate, along with a press box with first-story storage for field equipment came to life in 2017. The coaching staff of Mike McVrayer, Jason Miller and Ashley Mills take it upon themselves to provide the players with the best possible field experience.

Cal JC: Dean and Adah Gay Sports Complex (Bakersfield College)

Built in 2010, the Dean and Adah Gay Sports Complex recently received an upgrade in 2018 with the addition of 78 tons of Pro Gold Infield Mix. This was a gamechanger for Bakersfield as it improved the look and the play of the field. It didn’t stop there. In 2019, new back stop padding was added prior to the season with new back stop netting and graphics completed this summer, which has enhanced the stadium’s look. The home of the Renegades is maintained by Albert Castillo and Megan Rowe and has hosted seven CCCAA state tournament since 2012, the Kern County All-Star game and the Lead Off tournament that included two-time state champion Mt. San Antonio, along with San Mateo and Santiago Canyon.

High School: The Rock Softball Complex (Strong Rock Christian School)

Constructed in 2005, The Rock Softball Complex sits by a lake and features all brick dugouts with multiple air conditioned locker rooms, an upstairs clubhouse with outside seating overlooking the field, a coach’s office with a view of the field and an all brick fully functioning press box with with an advanced speaker system built in. It hosts the Georgia Junior College Championships each year, along with several other junior college and elite exposure tournaments. It includes a fully furnished indoor facility, five batting cages and an automatic sprinkler system. Tommy Spinks and is field crew maintain a clay/sand mix infield and Bermuda sod outfield. 

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Filipe Luis denies asking for Atletico Madrid exit

October 28, 2019 | News | No Comments

The Brazil international has refuted suggestions that he wanted to join PSG, insisting he is happy in the Spanish capital

Filipe Luis insists he never pushed for a move away from Atletico Madrid this summer.

The defender was heavily linked with a move to PSG throughout the transfer window, with the French champions keen to bolster their defence. 

Despite the links, however, Atleti resolved to keep the Brazil international, with PSG instead signing Juan Bernat from Bayern Munich.

“Three weeks ago I arranged a meeting with the club to let them know about my situation,” he said, per AS.

“I was told that the club didn’t want me to leave – so I didn’t push the matter any further. I’m fine where I am here at Atletico.”

Filipe Luis endured an injury-hit season in 2017-18, but he still made 28 appearances for the club.

Indeed, he was subsequently included in Brazil’s squad for the World Cup, playing in victories over Serbia and Mexico.

Atleti have stuttered at the start of the Liga season, winning one, drawing one and losing one of their three games thus far, leaving them 11th, already five points behind leaders Real Madrid.

PSG, meanwhile, have been fine without the 33 year old, winning all four of their opening Ligue 1 games.

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The Juventus star was outraged after being overlooked for the award last week, but former striker Del Piero says he was wrong not to attend the gala

Juventus great Alessandro Del Piero believes Luka Modric deserved to be named UEFA Player of the Year ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo.

Modric helped Real Madrid to a third consecutive Champions League title before inspiring Croatia’s run to the World Cup final in Russia.

European football’s governing body rewarded the 32-year-old midfielder’s achievements with its annual gong in Monaco last Thursday, although former Madrid team-mate did not attend the gala.

Ronaldo himself has been quiet on the subject, but the player’s sister Katia Aveiro, his agent Jorge Mendes and Juventus president Giuseppe Marotta all weighed in on his behalf, before Croatia head coach Zlatko Dalic responded by labelling the five-time Ballon d’Or winner an “egoist”.

Del Piero was surprised by the behaviour of the latest darling of the Juve faithful and defended Modric’s credentials.

“I understand Cristiano but Modric deserved the award,” he told Sky Italia.

“Modric did something extraordinary in Madrid and in the World Cup, so the prize was well deserved. But Cristiano also had a wonderful season.

“I would also get angry in [Ronaldo’s] place, but not going to the gala is something else.”

And Del Piero feels the UEFA award could be seen as a precursor for football’s most coveted individual prize at the end of this year.

He said: “The Ballon d’Or? Often the winner [also] wins the UEFA prize.”

The Portuguese star could indeed end up losing out to Modric later this month, as the two have been named among the candidates for FIFA’s The Best Player award alongside Mohamed Salah. The winner will be announced at a ceremony in London on September 24.

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Nike CEO Mark Parker to Step Down in January

October 28, 2019 | News | No Comments

NEW YORK — Nike said Tuesday that its longtime CEO Mark Parker is stepping down early next year.

He will be replaced by board member John Donahoe, who formerly ran e-commerce company eBay. Parker will become executive chairman of the board.

Nike’s sales have been on the rise as the company focuses on selling more of its swoosh-branded sneakers online and on its apps. The company’s first quarter earnings last month soared past expectations. But Nike has also been plagued by scandals recently.

Three weeks ago, renowned track coach Alberto Salazar was banned from the sport for four years by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency for running experiments with supplements and testosterone that were bankrolled and supported by Nike, along with possessing and trafficking testosterone. Nike announced that it was shutting down its elite Oregon Project track and field program overseen by Salazar in the wake of the scandal.

Parker said in a TV interview with CNBC Tuesday that the scandal had “absolutely nothing” with him leaving the top job and that succession plans have been months in the making.

“This is not something that happens in a matter of weeks,” he said.

Last year, allegations of misconduct and gender discrimination led to a leadership shakeup at the company. And earlier this spring, Nike announced changes to its contract policies after the New York Times published opinion articles and videos from female runners saying they risked losing pay if they became pregnant.

Parker, who joined the company in 1979 as a footwear designer, has been CEO since 2006. In 2017, he took a 70% compensation cut after a rough year for U.S. sales and the company’s stock price.

The Beaverton, Oregon-based sneaker seller said Donahue will step in as CEO on Jan. 13, 2020. Donahoe is the current president and CEO of ServiceNow, an information technology and software company.

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AP Business Writer Alexandra Olson in New York also contributed to this story.

The Blues are hugely ambitious at academy level and will be in contention for all the major honours once again to build on last season’s successes

Chelsea have been dominant at youth level for a number of seasons and plenty of impressive youngsters have come through the club’s academy in recent years.

Andreas Christensen, Ruben Loftus-Cheek and Tammy Abraham are just some of the names to have made the step up to the first team, with the next generation of Callum Hudson-Odoi and Ethan Ampadu already waiting in the wings.

While the aforementioned academy graduates are trying to win over Maurizio Sarri, hot prospects such as Mason Mount, Fikayo Tomori and Jake Clark-Salter are currently gaining valuable first-team experience elsewhere, after making their way through the Chelsea youth ranks.

There are plenty of other exciting talents on the Blues’ books, though, and here we take a look at the standout performers at Under-23 and U-18 level, as well as those who are currently out on loan.



Chelsea have one of the youngest teams in the league, having sent a number of regulars from last season such as Ruben Sammut (Falkirk), Reece James (Wigan), Trevoh Chalobah (Ipswich), Jacob Maddox (Cheltenham) and Dujon Sterling (Coventry) out on loan.

One of those young players Chelsea have high hopes for is Scottish midfielder Billy Gilmour, who joined the club from Rangers after turning 16 in June 2017.

The gifted midfielder has played a part in every U-23s game so far this campaign and shown exciting potential.

Gilmour came off the bench after just seven minutes in the EFL Trophy win over Swindon and the 17-year-old did not disappoint in the convincing 4-0 victory.

He again started from the bench in the Premier League 2 opener against Everton, this time coming on at half-time, before earning himself a starting berth in the 3-0 win over Blackburn.

Not only did he score the opener after just two minutes, he also provided the assist for Daishawn Redan’s strike after the break.

Gilmour completed the full 90 minutes against Derby and he seems destined to become an integral member of manager Joe Edwards’ team this season. 

He was involved again in the match against Swansea City at the weekend, where a depleted Chelsea side scraped through thanks to a Joseph Colley goal, running out 1-0 winners in south Wales.



Chelsea’s Under-18s have been dominant for a number of seasons, but last season they won the quadruple to set the bar even higher for the incoming generation.

The quadruple win included a record-matching fifth successive FA Youth Cup win. However, they have lost their manager as Jody Morris left to join Frank Lampard’s backroom staff at Derby.

Andy Myers was appointed as the club’s new U18s manager and there will be a host of new players coming in, with many no longer eligible.

Despite their first-team experience, Hudson-Odoi and Ampadu are still available to play at this level but people will be looking to Billy Gilmour, Thierno Ballo and Faustino Anjorin as the stars of the next generation. Ola Aina’s brother Jordan is also among the group.

Chelsea have had two wins, a loss and a draw at this level to kick off their season. They beat Southampton away 3-1, then drew 1-1 against Leicester City at Cobham, before losing 2-0 away to Tottenham.

They finally got back to winning ways with a 3-1 win over Arsenal but goalkeeper Karlo Ziger was needed to put in a big performance against the strong local rivals.



Mount is one of the more highly-rated members of Chelsea’s loan army after impressing at Vitesse in 2017-18 and was sent out on loan to Derby County ahead of this season to continue his development under club legend Lampard.

The attacking midfielder has not wasted much time to make an impact at Derby and has quickly become a key figure at the Championship side.

Mount scored on his official debut as Derby saw off Reading 2-1 and has started in every game so far this term. He was unable to prevent losses against Leeds and Millwall, but helped his team return to winning ways against Ipswich, before putting in a man of the match performance versus Preston North End, scoring once and setting up another.

Additionally, the 19-year-old also found the net in the EFL Cup victories over Oldham Athletic and Hull City to cap an impressive start to life at Derby.

Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., and entrepreneur Andrew Yang talk during a break in the Democratic presidential primary debate hosted by CNN/New York Times.

Are robots stealing workers’ jobs? At last week’s Democratic presidential debate, CNN moderator Erin Burnett dove into the thorny issue.

“According to a recent study, about a quarter of American jobs could be lost to automation in just the next 10 years,” she said, asking candidates how they would respond to this problem.

The question ultimately pitted two divergent worldviews against each other. One came from entrepreneur Andrew Yang, who has centered his campaign on what he perceives as a massive employment threat from automation. His prescription is a universal basic income program.

The other point of view came from Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, who took issue with Burnett’s premise.

“So the data show that we have had a lot of problems with losing jobs, but the principal reason has been bad trade policy,” she said. “The principal reason has been a bunch of corporations, giant multinational corporations, who’ve been calling the shots on trade, giant multinational corporations that have no loyalty to America.”

The question of whether trade or automation affects employment more not only divides economists, but appears set to drive major questions in the Democratic primary.

Fact-checking Burnett’s question

There are two fact checks here. One is of Burnett’s question and one is of Warren’s contention that trade has driven job losses.

In her question about what candidates would do to combat automation-related job losses, Burnett seemed to be referring to a January 2019 report from Brookings Institution (NPR has reached out to CNN to confirm this; it has not responded). The authors of the paper noted this in their own post-debate blog post.

One author says Burnett was misstating their conclusions.

“The question distorted what we and other and many analysts say about how this will play out,” said Mark Muro, senior fellow and policy director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution.

The report found that about one-quarter of jobs have a “high susceptibility” to automation — meaning that 70% or more of the tasks in those jobs could potentially be automated using existing technology. But that doesn’t necessarily mean those jobs will disappear.

“If you play that out, that’s very different from saying 25% of jobs are going to be liquidated,” Muro said.

Fact-checking Warren and Yang

Even if Burnett was overstating the report’s findings, it’s nevertheless true that automation takes a lot of blame for U.S. job losses, particularly in manufacturing. Warren said that blame is misplaced.

“So the data show that we have had a lot of problems with losing jobs, but the principal reason has been bad trade policy,” Warren said.

There is good evidence for what Warren said, but there isn’t total consensus among economists, and it’s also true that trade and automation aren’t entirely separable phenomena.

Moreover, how correct Warren is may depend upon which time period she’s talking about.

“Automation and productivity growth has played a huge role in the decline of manufacturing as a share of employment in the postwar period,” said David Autor, professor of economics at MIT.

The evidence often cited to show this is that manufacturing employment as a whole has declined massively in recent decades, while productivity has generally climbed.

But more recently, Autor contends, trade played a bigger role.

“When people think about the implosion of U.S. manufacturing post-1999, trade was more to blame for that,” he said.

What happened post-1999 is that the U.S. normalized trade relations with China, and China entered the World Trade Organization. That gave China better access to global trade, so it could sell more of its goods worldwide (and, in addition, allow other countries to sell more of their goods to Chinese consumers). Autor and his co-authors have found that the resulting economic shocks of this increased trade with China accounted for up to 40% of the manufacturing job losses between 2000 and 2007.

And there is some evidence to support that those drops were larger than those caused by automation, as Warren said. One of the most-cited studies on the topic is a 2018 analysis from the Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, a Michigan-based think tank.

In the study, highlighted by multiple analyses of the debate (like this one from Vox), economist Susan Houseman argues that the computer and electronics industry drove much of that productivity growth, and that for other areas, automation’s effects have been overstated. Their conclusion: “trade significantly contributed to the collapse of manufacturing employment in the 2000s,” but there’s “little evidence of a causal link to automation.”

In addition, a 2018 study from economists at the University of Maryland (and cited post-debate by former Treasury economist Ernie Tedeschi) found that trade with China led to a decline in employment levels twice as big as the decline caused by the “adoption of industrial robots.”

But then, they still found a sizable impact from automation: “our estimate is that robot adoption between 1999 and 2018 reduced employment by about 1.1 million jobs.” That’s smaller than their trade estimate, but certainly not nothing.

Yang’s team, meanwhile, told NPR that he believes that automation is a bigger factor than trade. As evidence, they pointed to a 2017 analysis from researchers at Ball State University. That study found that trade accounted for about 13% of manufacturing job losses between 2000 and 2010, while productivity gains accounted for nearly 88%.

But again, the underlying truth is more complicated. Michael Hicks, a professor of economics at Ball State and co-author of that study, pointed out in an email to NPR that “productivity” does not equal “automation” — it can also refer to things like factory workers’ increasing education levels, other types of technology and more efficient processes.

And while Hicks believes productivity is a much bigger factor, he also said that trade should not be discounted: “We have always said that in the 2000s, trade-related job losses were important, just not as important as productivity-related job losses.”

In other words, while there’s evidence that trade in recent years has driven job losses, there’s certainly no consensus on which has disrupted labor markets more.

On top of that, trade and automation aren’t mutually exclusive forces; in some ways, one can propel the other.

“Offshoring depends on all kinds of technologies, and we viewed software as a form of automation,” Muro said of his team’s study. “And so absent strong Internet, all kinds of software and so on, there’s no globalization. So these things are deeply entwined.”

What the candidates are really trying to say

It’s easy to get lost in the which-phenomenon-mattered-more weeds. But what also matters is which points the candidates are trying to make.

In bringing up job losses from trade, Warren was warning against “bad trade policy,” arguing that “bad policy” tends to disproportionately benefit massive corporations.

In looking to the future, though, it’s not clear which kinds of shocks will result from even more global trade, because there are no more behemoths like China to rattle the U.S. job market.

“The China shock is largely kind of behind us in the sense of, it’s not going to happen again in that form,” Autor said. “There’s not an equally populous country that I don’t know about that’s about to become part of the world trading system.”

That doesn’t invalidate Warren’s ultimate argument about corporations’ involvement in trade deals, but it does complicate this debate, because presidential candidates are trying to determine how to shape future policy. While trade may have led to more job losses than automation in the past, Autor also added, “That doesn’t mean that in the long run automation won’t be as or more important.”

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Yang, meanwhile, is trying to argue that automation is an existential threat to many American jobs. But even if that’s true, it’s an entirely separate question as to whether his universal basic income is the right prescription for that problem.

Ultimately, one important takeaway from this debate is that it’s easy to oversimplify the effects of both trade and automation on the U.S. job market.

Trade can lead to offshoring of some jobs, but it also often leads to shifts in employment, from one sector to another; it doesn’t necessarily lead to lower total employment.

Similarly, a new technology can replace a worker, but it can also simply alter a job’s tasks. One common example is that after the introduction of ATMs, bank tellers remained employed (indeed, their numbers grew); they just handled less cash and ended up doing more work marketing for their banks.

This doesn’t mean that trade and technology don’t matter. They will continue to affect and even displace some workers. And a worker who loses a job likely doesn’t care whether a robot or offshoring is to blame; the worker just wants a new job. And to Muro, it’s important to figure out a way to support that person, regardless of cause.

“The U.S. does a terrible job of supporting worker transition and adjustment and helping people when things break down,” he said.

Trade is a signature policy area for President Trump, and one where he has been able to take dramatic action. Trump’s protectionist policies appealed to voters in the industrial Midwest, the region that was critical to his 2016 victory. Now, Democratic presidential candidates are campaigning in the shadow of Trump’s tariffs, subsequent trade wars, and pursuit of a replacement for NAFTA.

Trade has sharply divided Democrats in recent years, as they have weighed the benefits of trade, like greater access to foreign markets, against fears of job losses and the power of multinational corporations.

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Graphics designed and produced by NPR’s Alyson Hurt and Thomas Wilburn. Elena Burnett is an intern on the Washington Desk.