Sanitary Pad Raw Material Composition and Properties

# Sanitary Pad Raw Material Composition and Properties

## Introduction to Sanitary Pad Materials

Sanitary pads are essential feminine hygiene products designed to absorb menstrual flow. The effectiveness and comfort of these products largely depend on the quality and composition of their raw materials. Modern sanitary pads consist of multiple layers, each serving a specific purpose in absorption, comfort, and protection.

## Core Components of Sanitary Pads

### 1. Top Sheet (Cover Stock)

The top sheet is the layer that comes in direct contact with the skin. It’s typically made from:

– Non-woven polypropylene (most common)
– Perforated plastic film
– Cotton or bamboo fiber blends (for premium products)

Key properties:
• Soft and non-irritating
• Quick-drying surface
• Breathable to reduce skin irritation

### 2. Absorbent Core

This is the most crucial layer responsible for fluid absorption. Common materials include:

– Fluff pulp (wood cellulose)
– Superabsorbent polymers (SAP)
– Combination of both

Absorption capacity:
• Regular pads: 5-10 ml
• Super pads: 10-15 ml
• Overnight pads: 15-20 ml

### 3. Back Sheet

The waterproof layer that prevents leakage:

– Polyethylene film (most common)
– Microporous “breathable” films
– Biodegradable options (PLA, PBAT blends)

• Liquid-proof
• Flexible
• Some offer vapor permeability

### 4. Adhesive Components

• Pressure-sensitive adhesive for panty attachment
• Release paper backing
• Wing adhesives (if applicable)

## Specialized Materials in Premium Pads

### 1. Organic Cotton

• Grown without synthetic pesticides
• Hypoallergenic properties
• More breathable than synthetic alternatives

### 2. Bamboo Fiber

• Natural antibacterial properties
• Highly absorbent
• Sustainable cultivation

### 3. Charcoal-Infused Layers

• Odor control
• Additional antibacterial properties
• May help regulate temperature

## Safety and Regulatory Considerations

All sanitary pad materials must comply with:

– FDA regulations (in the U.S.)
– EU cosmetic regulations
– REACH chemical safety standards

Common safety tests include:
• Skin irritation tests
• Absorption capacity verification
• Microbial contamination checks

## Environmental Impact and Alternatives

Traditional sanitary pad materials raise environmental concerns due to:

– Non-biodegradable plastics
– Long decomposition times (500+ years for some components)
– Manufacturing energy requirements

Emerging eco-friendly alternatives include:
• Biodegradable top sheets (PLA, bamboo)
• Compostable back sheets
• Plant-based adhesives

## Future Material Innovations

Research is ongoing in:

– Smart materials that change color for health monitoring
– Enhanced biodegradability without compromising performance
– Nanofiber technologies for ultra-thin, high-absorption pads

The sanitary pad industry continues to evolve its material science to balance performance, comfort, safety, and environmental responsibility. Understanding these material compositions helps consumers make informed choices about the products they use.