Machining is an essential process for creating metal parts and components across many industries, from aerospace to automotive. Choosing the right machining material is an important decision that needs careful consideration.
This article explores the advantages and disadvantages of using titanium and stainless steel for machining. It also covers the factors you should consider to help you choose between them.
Overview of Machining Titanium vs. Stainless Steel
CNC machining involves cutting or shaping metal into specific sizes or shapes with specialized equipment. It allows you to even produce parts with precise tolerances — like medical implants, screws, and bolts. There are various types of CNC machines like mills, lathes, drills, and laser cutters.
Titanium and stainless steel are two of the most commonly used machining metals, due to their superior properties. Both metals offer advantages in different scenarios, but you should consider the differences between them to make the best choice for your part.
Titanium Overview
CNC machining titanium is challenging due to the metal’s high hardness and low thermal conductivity. Despite these inherent difficulties, titanium is a good material for many industries because of its increased strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures.
For successful machining, operators must consider feed rates and cutting speeds, cutting tools, and other factors. With careful consideration and expertise, titanium has many potential benefits for an array of industries.
Stainless Steel Overview
Machining stainless steel presents unique challenges but offers many rewards. It’s a hard, durable material, used in various applications, from small parts to large maintenance projects. Machining difficulty depends largely on the grade and type of stainless steel you choose.
For example, grades with high chromium and nickel content require careful management during the turning and milling processes. Depending on your requirements and tolerances for the components, you may also need an application-matched coolant. This helps maintain surface integrity while increasing productivity levels.
Differences between Titanium and Stainless Steel in Machining
Choosing the most suitable material is a critical decision you should not take lightly. There are several key differences between stainless steel and titanium you need to consider.
Corrosion Resistance
Titanium naturally has superior corrosion resistance to stainless steel. This makes it ideal for marine applications or environments where it will have exposure to salt water.
Conductivity
Electrical and thermal conductivity vary between these metals. Titanium is less conductive than stainless steel in both areas.
Strength
Is titanium stronger than steel? Yes, titanium has a higher strength-to-weight ratio and a lower melting point than stainless steel. Hardness and melting point differ as well.
Metal Cost
Titanium tends to cost more than stainless steel due to its rarity and harder-to-machine properties.
Other Factors
You will need to consider factors such as weight, durability, and machinability when making this decision.
How To Select The Right Material For Your Project
Ultimately, the choice between titanium and stainless steel depends on your specific application needs. Each material offers unique strengths that you must weigh carefully before selecting one over the other.
Factors such as cost, durability, strength requirements, and corrosion resistance should all play into making this decision, but ultimately much will depend on what exactly you’re trying to achieve with your project and the environment in which you expect it to operate regularly.
You also may need to consider accessory items such as fasteners if you expect them to interface with either material directly. Certain types of fasteners may require additional modifications if used with either type of metal.
Work with the Best
Gensun offers an extensive range of CNC machining services for anyone in need of precision-manufactured stainless steel and titanium components. Our superior equipment, experienced technical staff and stringent quality processes ensure rapid turnaround times, high accuracy, and consistent repeatability.
In addition to this, we understand the engineering importance of material specifications and selection for the most suitable component creation. We strive to provide our clients with top-of-the-line mechanical assemblies that meet their precision requirements every time. Utilizing our advanced machinery and expertise, discover the innovation possible when you partner with Gensun.
In an era where precision and efficiency are a must, small batch machining stands out as a cornerstone of modern manufacturing.
This article delves into the intricacies of small batch CNC machining, exploring its evolution, processes, and its pivotal role in today’s production landscape.
What Is Small Batch Machining?
Small batch machining, a type of CNC machining, epitomizes the fusion of precision and customization.
It’s a specialized production process where small batches of components are manufactured using advanced CNC machines.
Unlike mass production, small batch CNC machining focuses on producing limited quantities, ensuring each piece meets stringent quality standards. This approach is especially beneficial for projects where customization, intricate design, and precision are paramount.
How Does Small Batch Machining Work?
At its core, small batch machining is a process that blends the latest in CNC technology with meticulous attention to detail. Here, the journey of a single component is emblematic of the synergy between human expertise and machine precision.
It begins with a design phase, where CAD (Computer-Aided Design) models are crafted. These designs are then translated into machine-readable instructions using CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software.
What Are the Different Types of Small Batch Machining Processes?
Small batch machining, a crucial subset of CNC machining services, encompasses a range of processes, each tailored to meet specific manufacturing needs. These methods, characterized by their precision and adaptability, are fundamental in crafting high-quality components in small quantities.
Let’s explore the most prominent techniques used in small batch CNC machining.
CNC Turning
CNC Turning, a fundamental process in small batch CNC machining, involves the rotation of a workpiece while a stationary cutting tool shapes it. This operation, typically carried out on CNC lathes, is integral for creating cylindrical parts with precision. In small batch production, turning plays a pivotal role due to its efficiency and accuracy.
Custom Components: Ideal for producing tailored parts with specific dimensions.
Material Versatility: Efficiently works with a variety of materials, including metals like aluminum and brass.
Precision Manufacturing: Offers high accuracy for components requiring tight tolerances.
Surface Finish: Achieves superior surface finishes, crucial for both functional and aesthetic purposes.
CNC Milling
CNC milling process, a versatile and widely-used operation in small batch machining, involves the removal of material using rotary cutting tools. CNC milling machines, characterized by their ability to move along multiple axes, enable the creation of complex shapes and features. This machining process is essential in small batch machining for its precision and flexibility.
Complex Geometries: Capable of producing intricate shapes and detailed features.
Rapid Prototyping: Ideal for quickly creating prototypes to test designs.
High Customizability: Adapts easily to unique design requirements.
Efficient Production: Offers time-saving benefits, especially for small quantities.
CNC Drilling
CNC drilling in the context of small batch machining involves creating holes or cavities in a workpiece. This process, performed using CNC drilling machines, is crucial for adding functional features like holes for screws or channels for wiring. Drilling’s precision and speed make it a valuable process in small batch CNC machining.
Accurate Hole Placement: Ensures precise positioning of holes, essential for component functionality.
Depth Control: Allows for accurate depth specification, crucial for various applications.
Material Compatibility: Efficiently works with a range of materials, from plastics to hardened metals.
Customization Flexibility: Adapts to different hole sizes and patterns, essential for tailored projects.
EDM Machining (Sinker and Wire)
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), both sinker and wire types, is a specialized process employed in small batch production. EDM utilizes electrical sparks to erode material, making it ideal for working with hard metals and intricate designs. The process involves machines equipped with electrodes (in sinker EDM) or thin wires (in wire EDM) to achieve precise cuts and shapes.
Complex Shapes and Fine Details: Perfect for producing intricate designs that are challenging for traditional machining methods.
Hard Material Machining: Efficiently works with materials like titanium and hardened steel, which are tough for other machining processes.
Minimal Surface Impact: Preserves the integrity of the workpiece, ensuring excellent surface finish.
Precision Slots and Cavities: Ideal for creating accurate slots, cavities, and complex 3D shapes.
Surface Grinding
Surface grinding, a process integral to achieving fine finishes and precise flatness, is another key component of small batch CNC machining. This operation uses a rotating abrasive wheel to smooth the surface of a workpiece. Precision surface grinders are employed to ensure uniformity and accuracy in the final product.
Superior Surface Finish: Essential for projects where surface smoothness is a critical attribute.
Tight Tolerance Achievement: Delivers high precision in terms of flatness and thickness.
Material Versatility: Effective on a wide range of materials, from metals to plastics.
Custom Tooling and Fixtures: Allows for the creation of specialized tooling and fixtures with precise surface requirements.
Multi-Axis Machining (3-Axis, 4-Axis, 5-Axis)
Multi-axis machining, which includes 3-axis, 4-axis, and 5-axis machining, represents the pinnacle of versatility and precision in small batch CNC machining. These machines are capable of moving a tool or a workpiece in multiple directions simultaneously, allowing for the creation of complex geometries with high precision.
Complex 3D Geometries: Ideal for parts with intricate designs and contours that require multi-dimensional machining.
Reduced Setup Time: Multi-axis capability minimizes the need for multiple setups, enhancing efficiency.
High Precision and Consistency: Ensures consistent quality across small batches, crucial for industries like aerospace and medical devices.
Optimized Material Utilization: Efficiently uses material, reducing waste and lowering unit costs.
What Materials Are Commonly Used in Small Batch CNC Machining?
In small batch CNC machining, the choice of material is as crucial as the machining process itself. The materials used must align with the project’s requirements regarding strength, durability, and precision.
In small batch production, a diverse array of materials is employed, each offering unique advantages. Let’s explore the most common materials used in small batch CNC machining and why they are chosen.
Aluminum: Known for its lightweight and strength, aluminum is a popular choice in aerospace and automotive industries. Its ease of machining and good thermal conductivity make it suitable for various applications.
Stainless Steel: Favoured for its corrosion resistance and strength, stainless steel is widely used in medical devices and food processing equipment. It maintains integrity under high temperatures and harsh conditions.
Brass: Brass is chosen for its aesthetic appeal and machinability. Common in decorative and electrical components, it offers good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.
Titanium: With its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, titanium is ideal for aerospace and medical applications. It’s challenging to machine but offers superior durability.
Copper: Used for its excellent electrical conductivity, copper is a primary material for electronic components. It’s also chosen for its thermal conductivity in heat exchangers.
Plastics (like ABS and PEEK): Plastics are used for their versatility, lightweight, and corrosion resistance. ABS is common in prototyping, while PEEK is used in high-temperature applications.
Tool Steel: Tool steel is employed for its hardness and ability to hold a cutting edge. It’s typically used in the production of tooling and molds.
Carbon Steel: Offering a balance of durability and machinability, carbon steel is used in general manufacturing and automotive industries.
Nickel Alloys: These are chosen for their high-temperature and corrosion-resistant properties, making them suitable for harsh environments like chemical plants.
Tungsten: Known for its high density and melting point, tungsten is used in applications requiring extreme heat resistance, such as in aerospace and military.
What Are the Applications and Industries Utilizing Small Batch Machining?
Small batch CNC machining is a critical component in various industries, playing a key role in the production of high-quality, precision components.
Its versatility allows it to cater to a wide range of applications, from aerospace to custom electronics.
Let’s explore some of the primary industries and applications that benefit from small CNC batch machining:
Aerospace Industry: Precision is paramount in aerospace, and small batch machining provides components like turbine blades and landing gear parts. Reliability and adherence to strict tolerances are crucial in this sector.
Medical Devices: Small batch production is ideal for creating high-precision, custom medical devices such as implants and surgical tools, where quality and accuracy are vital.
Automotive Industry: Prototyping and production of custom parts like gears and engine components benefit from small batch CNC machining’s precision and flexibility.
Electronics Industry: In electronics, small batch machining is used for creating intricate parts like custom storage racks and electronic enclosures, where precision and surface finish are critical.
Defense and Military: For the defense sector, small batch CNC machining is essential for producing specialized, high-strength components that meet stringent safety and quality standards.
Industrial Machinery: Small batch machining contributes to the creation of custom machine parts, jigs, and fixtures, enhancing the efficiency and performance of industrial machinery.
Consumer Products: From custom kitchenware to sports equipment, small batch CNC machining allows for the creation of unique, high-quality consumer goods.
Prototyping and R&D: For research and development, small batch machining is invaluable in prototyping, allowing for rapid testing and development of new designs.
Energy Sector: In energy, especially in renewable sources like wind and solar, small batch machining is used for producing specialized components such as brackets and mounting systems.
Telecommunications: Small batch CNC machining aids in manufacturing components for telecommunications infrastructure, including custom fittings and enclosures.
What are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Small Batch Machining?
Balancing the demands for quality, flexibility, and efficiency small batch CNC machining it offers significant benefits, it’s also important to recognize its limitations. Understanding both sides of this approach can help you make informed decisions about its applicability to your projects.
Advantages of Small Batch Machining
Better and Higher Productivity Rate: Small batch machining allows for quicker turnaround times, enhancing productivity especially for projects requiring rapid prototyping or urgent deliveries.
Controlled Costs and Expenses: It offers cost-effective solutions for producing small quantities, avoiding the higher expenses associated with large-scale production setups.
Highly Accurate and Precise: The use of advanced CNC machines ensures that each part is manufactured with high precision and consistency.
Faster Time to Market: The efficiency of small batch CNC machining means products can be developed and launched faster, giving businesses a competitive edge.
Conditioned Equipment and Machinery: Small batch setups often involve well-maintained and regularly calibrated machines, ensuring high-quality output.
Small-scale Production: Ideal for businesses that require limited quantities of a product, avoiding the wastage and storage issues associated with mass production.
Flexibility: It allows for easy modifications and adjustments, making it perfect for custom and specialized projects.
Less Material Wastage: Efficient use of materials is a key feature, with less wastage compared to larger production runs.
Does Small Batch Machining have any disadvantages?
Higher Unit Cost: Producing smaller quantities can lead to higher per-unit costs compared to mass production.
Limited Economies of Scale: The cost savings associated with large-scale production are not as pronounced in small batch CNC machining.
Dependency on Skilled Labor: Requires a higher level of expertise and skilled operators, which can be a challenge to find.
Potential for Inconsistencies: Although rare, manual aspects of setup and changeovers can lead to slight inconsistencies in very small runs.
What Is the Cost Aspect of Small Batch Machining?
Understanding the cost dynamics of small batch machining is crucial for making informed decisions in manufacturing.
While it offers flexibility and precision, the cost is influenced by several factors, making it a complex but essential aspect to consider.
Complexity of Parts: The more complex the design, the more time and resources are required, increasing the cost.
Material Choice: Different materials have varying costs. High-quality materials like titanium or specialized plastics can drive up the price.
Machining Time: Longer machining times, necessary for intricate designs or harder materials, result in higher costs.
Tooling and Setup: Custom tooling and the time required for machine setup can add to the overall expense, especially for unique or intricate designs.
Quantity of Production: Smaller quantities often mean higher per-unit costs due to the setup and tooling being spread over fewer parts.
Labor Costs: Skilled labor is essential for small batch machining, and the cost of experienced machinists can impact the overall expense.
Quality Control and Testing: Rigorous quality checks and testing procedures, crucial for high-precision parts, can add to the cost.
What are some Design Tips for Small Batch Machining?
Designing for small batch machining requires a balance between functionality, quality, and cost-efficiency. Here are some tips to optimize your design:
Simplify Designs Where Possible: Reducing complexity can lower machining time and costs.
Standardize Components: Using standard sizes and features can reduce the need for custom tooling.
Optimize for Machining: Design parts with the machining process in mind to minimize the need for complex setups or tool changes.
Material Selection: Choose materials that are easy to machine yet meet the product requirements.
Consider Tolerances: Tight tolerances increase machining time and costs, so only specify tight tolerances where functionally necessary.
Modular Design: Designing parts to be modular can simplify machining and assembly processes.
Conclusion
Small batch machining stands out as a highly adaptable and precise manufacturing process. It’s particularly beneficial for specialized projects, prototypes, and low-volume production. While there are cost considerations unique to this approach, understanding and optimizing the factors influencing these costs can lead to efficient and economical production. Balancing design complexity, material selection, and production planning are key to harnessing the full potential of small batch CNC machining.
As a leading provider of CNC machining services and parts, 3ERP offers small-batch CNC machining as well. With 60+ cutting-edge CNC machines in-house, we are able to achieve tolerances as tight as ±0.01 mm and delivery in as little as 5 days.
Every single part or prototype we produce undergoes rigorous inspection and quality control tests so we can make sure that you will receive a top-notch product. Your parts will be manufactured and inspected with our advanced in-house equipment, including HAAS 3-, 4-, and 5-axis CNC milling, Hexagon CMM, and Olympus XRF analyzer
In December 2023, the MC-Bauchemie Group has established a company in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. MC-Bauchemie Tanzania Limited is managed by Henry Mulima and has now commenced operations. The aim is to build up a comprehensive construction chemicals business in the East African country and to supply neighbouring countries with products from there.
“After setting up operations in Guinea, Ghana and Ethiopia in the last decade, we now want to expand our business in Africa to East Africa. Tanzania is a good choice because of the political situation and the positive economic climate,” says Christoph Hemming, Regional Director Africa at MC-Bauchemie, who together with Shantanu Datta, Business Development Manager Africa, helped set up and develop the new company. “We want to build up a comprehensive construction chemicals business there and are initially starting with our admixtures for ready-mix concrete and concrete products as well as grinding aids for the cement industry and waterproofing,” continues Regional Director Hemming. Other products from areas such as waterproofing, concrete repair and floor coatings will be introduced gradually.
MC-Bauchemie has appointed Henry Mulima as Managing Director. A Kenyan national with deep understanding of East African market, Henry has a Masters Degree in Chemistry and more than 20 years of experience in the construction chemicals industry and management. A chemist by training, he has had an impressive career in research and development, quality assurance, operations, sales and the management of construction chemicals companies in East African countries.
Growth market East Africa
“Africa continues to be an exciting market for us, and Tanzania is the fifth largest country in Africa with a population of around 62 million inhabitants,” says Nicolaus M. Müller, Managing Partner of the MC-Bauchemie Group, emphasising: “The demand for building materials for building construction and infrastructure projects is also immense in the growth market of East Africa and will continue to increase significantly in the coming decades. We therefore see great growth and development potential for MC-Bauchemie there.”
MC-Bauchemie chose Dar es Salaam as the location for the new company because the former capital is the largest city and the most important economic centre in Tanzania and offers direct access to both the seaport and the airport.
Prince International Corporation, a portfolio company of American Securities, has announced the completion of its acquisition of Ferro Corporation. Prince paid UDS 22.00 (ca. EUR 20.85) per share in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion (ca. EUR 1,99 billion).
In conjunction with the closing of the transaction, the company will also combine with Chromaflo Technologies, a global provider of colorant technology solutions and also an American Securities portfolio company. The new company, renamed Vibrantz Technologies Inc., will be headquartered in Houston, Texas, and is intended to become a global, diversified technology leader in advanced materials, colour solutions and performance coatings with sales of approximately USD 2 billion (ca EUR 1,9 billion). The newly combined company employs approximately 5,400 people and operates 63 manufacturing sites across six continents.
“Strong material science and technology expertise”
“I want to thank our employees who have worked so hard to get to this momentous occasion,” said D. Michael Wilson, president and chief executive officer at Vibrantz Technologies. “By combining Prince, Ferro and Chromaflo – all leaders in their own right – we have leading positions in highly attractive markets. We will be a company with strong material science and technology expertise to drive faster innovation, and our greater scale broadens our global footprint, enhancing our customer reach and giving us greater operational resilience. We have pulled leadership talent from all three companies to form a highly qualified management team.”
Ceramic tower packing is fired at high temperature and has excellent mechanical strength, abrasion and acid resistance, it can resist to the corrosion of various inorganic acids, organic acids and organic solvents except hydrofluoric and can be adapted to high or low temperature condition, the packing can be used in drying columns,absorbing columns, cooling towers, etc.
Ceramic saddle is the opening packing with the structure of groove hemicycle, which reduce the cover between the packing and enlarge the space, therefore, the availability of the mass transfer surface will be enhanced efficiently, and it has favorable liquid distributing capability.Saddles are used in two main fields but have different properties depending on the application. One field is the chemical and petrochemical industries and another is in environmental areas such as RTO equipment.
Pingxiang Chemshun Ceramics Co., Ltd’s ceramic saddles has excellent acid and heat resistant performance, can be used in all kinds of chemicals, acid, gas, heat exchange, RTO system such as recycling tower.
Chemshun ceramic saddles can exert its greatest effect. In the production of ceramic saddles, continuous extrusion process is used to process, which has the advantages of large flux and high efficiency. In fact, in the concrete production, ceramic saddles the bed most of the liquid channel of circular arc form, thus reducing the gas through the bed layer resistance, and in the downward flow of radial diffusion coefficient.
If your pool opens up green every spring, this post is for you. Here’s some ways to prevent a green pool opening, and be confident of a blue pool when the cover comes off. Pools open green when the winter cover is not keeping out debris, the water chemistry is poor, and there is inadequate sanitizer.
Even if you open late, and even if you have a mesh safety cover – you can skip the stains and discoloration by avoiding these problems with the pool cover and the winter water chemistry.
Install a Safety Cover
One of the most guaranteed ways to prevent a green pool opening is to install a solid safety cover without drain panels. Safety covers keep out winter air pollution, pollen, and dust by blocking rain and snow. This helps keep the water balanced and conserves chemicals.
For pools with a raised wall, for a raised spa or higher deck level, there are two ways to install a safety cover: in the wall, or over the wall. In-the-wall installations may not fit so well, and fill with leaves during winter. It’s always best to go up-and-over on pools with raised walls.
Floating solid pool covers, with water bags, can be a great cover when drained regularly and kept clean. However, they are sensitive and can tear if debris or animals scratch the surface. If you don’t maintain the cover well, a large tear can develop and spill contaminated matter into your pool.
Maintain Winter Water Balance
If you close your pool clean, with balanced water, and a winter kit, you can expect those chemicals to last about 5 months.
For pools that open green each year, something extra is needed, like Pool Magic + PHOSfree. Pools with green spring openings usually have a phosphate problem, although they may also have cover problems and/or water level problems.
The most important thing to note with winter pool chemicals is that more will be needed if you have contaminants entering the pool, be they full sized leaves, or dust that washes off the trees. More will also be needed when the temperature of the water rises.
Pool Water Temperature Concerns
When the pool water temperature drops to 50ºF or below, the algae risk is almost nonexistent. Chemicals also last longer when the water is cold. But when the water temps warm up in the spring, your chemical protection can deplete quickly. In temperatures above 65ºF, winter pool chemicals become active and will work themselves to death.
Use winter chemicals just after closing and just before opening. During the colder months, very little is going on under the cover, but as things heat up, more chemicals are consumed, and more organisms spring to life. Mesh covers will allow some sunlight to pass through, which can warm the pool surface.
Mesh Pool Cover Problems
Solid and mesh covers with drain panels let in all sorts of microscopic debris during the winter. If the pool water level is allowed to touch the underside of the cover, leaves get stuck on the cover, and a tea bag effect is created.
Water balance can change dramatically in a mesh covered pool. It should be checked at some point during the spring. It’s a good idea to add an extra dose of shock or algaecide (but not both) as the weather begins to warm up into the 60’s.
Our Recommendation
In mid to late spring, or about a month before you plan to open the pool:
Remove springs on both sides of the pool. Fold x onto itself in the center.
Use a small submersible pump or a siphon to lower water below the tile.
Check and balance the water chemistry and shock the pool, or add a Qt. of algaecide.
Fill the chlorine floater with tablets.
Brush the walls on both sides of the pool.
Put the pool cover back on tightly.
If you open up to a green pool each spring, think if you have any of these problems above, fixing one or more of them can give you a beautiful blue pool next spring!
Kimmo Salvén – 5.11.2013 – 11:36:39
Filosofian professori Seppo Sajama Itä-Suomen yliopistosta puhui Filosofiakahvilassa pitämässään alustuksessa luonnon itseisarvon kritiikistä.
Sajama toteaa luonnon itseisarvon käsitteen olevan ympäristöfilosofiassa asia, jota ei usein kyseenalaisteta, niinpä hän tekee sen nyt.
Aristoteles nousee väistämättä esiin itseisarvon käsitystä tutkiessa. Sajama toteaa, että Aristoteleen mukaan onnellisuus on ainoa asia mitä haluamme aina sen itsensä, ei milloinkaan jonkin muun asian takia.
– Kaikki ihmiset haluavat onnellisuutta. Tämä tarkoittaa, että kaikki ihmiset haluavat jotain oman onnellisutensa vuoksi. Se voi olla kunnia, nautinto, ymmärrys ja niin edelleen, kuten Aristoteles luettelee, Sajama toteaa.
– Haluamme siis eri asioita, mutta haluamme niitä onnellisuuden välineinä.
Sajaman mukaan Aristoteles jakavaa arvokkaat asiat kolmeen ryhmään: Itseisarvoihin, välinearvoihin ja sekä itseis- että välinearvoihin.
– Nautinto voi siis olla hyvä asia itsessään, mutta myös väline onnellisuuden saavuttamiseen.
Moore on Aristoteleen jälkeen eniten itseisarvon käsitteeseen vaikuttanut filosofi. Ympäristöfilosofiassa luonnon itseisarvo käsitetään nimittäin yleensä moorelaisittain luonnolla olevaksi, ihmisestä riippumattomaksi arvoksi. Tämän käsityksen mukaan luonnolla olisi itseisarvonsa, vaikka yhtäkään ihmistä ei olisi sitä kokemassa.
– Hän sanoo, että itseisarvo näyttäytyy luotettavasti vain silloin, kun se on eristetty ulkoisista häiriöistä.
Kuvittele äärimmäisen kaunis maailma. Kuvittele se niin kauniiksi kuin ikinä voit. Sijoita siihen mitä tahansa, mitä pidät kaikkein kauneimpana tässä maailmassa: vuoria, jokia, meriä, puita, auringonlaskuja, tähtiä ja kuu. Kuvittele, että nämä kaikki yhdistetään hienoin suhtein, niin ettei mikään niistä riitele muiden kanssa vaan jokainen tuo oman lisänsä kokonaisuuden kauneuteen. Ja kuvittele siiten rumin maailma, jonka voit mitenkään käsittää. Kuvittele se saastaläjäksi, joka sisältää kaiken, mikä eniten iljettää meitä mistä tahansa syystä, ja jossa ei ole yhtään miellyttävää piirrettä. … Ainoa asia, jota emme saa kuvitella, on se, että joku ihminen on koskaan asunut tai edes voisi asua kummassakaan ja voisi nähdä toisen kauneuden ja nauttia siitä ja vihata toisen rumuutta. … Onko jotenkin irrationaalista väittää, että olisi parempi, että olemassa olisi kaunis maailma kuin ruma?
G. E. Moore 1903: Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Onko siis itseisarvoja olemassa ilman ihmistä niiden kokijana?
– Jos on olemassa ei ihmiskeskeisiä itseisarvoja, miten ne voidaan havaita? Kuka ne voi havaita? Siinä on pieni ristiriita, että luonnon itseisarvon olisi toimittava ihmisen toiminnan johtotähtenä ja että se on kuitenkin jollain tapaa eristettävä ja sitä ei saa havaita ihmiskeskeisesti.
Siispä Sajama palaa Aristoteleen ajatuksiin luonnon itseisarvosta.
– Aristoteleen naturalistinen idea oli, että jollain asialla X oli arvoa oliolle Y siinä tapauksessa, että X edistää Y:n hyvää elämää. Tämä oli siis räikeä naturalistinen virhe.
Kuinka siis saada itseisarvo mukaan yhtälöön? Voidaanko itseisarvo löytää muista kuin elollisista olioista? Antaako luonnon itseisarvo ihmiselle velvollisuuden suojella kaikkea elämää ja onko kaikki elämä tasa-arvoista?
Olipa kerran itseisarvoinen lammas, joka söi itseisarvoista ruohoa itseisarvoisella niityllä. Sitten paikalle tuli itseisarvoinen susi, joka söi lampaan. Lopuksi itseisarvoinen ihminen ampui suden. Loukattiinko tässä luonnon itseisarvoa? Missä vaiheessa?
Olli Saastamoinen & Seppo Sajama
Usein luonnon itseisarvoa käsitetään asettamalla vastakkain luonto ja ihminen, mutta kuuluuko ihminen luonnon itseisarvon näkökulmasta muiden eliöiden joukkoon?
Mooren ja Aristoteleen näkemysten lisäksi puheenvuorossa nousevat esiin mm. John O’Neil, James Coufal, Holmes Rolston III, Oidipus ja Tuomas Akvavinolainen.
DOOZY VAPE CO. SERIOUSLY POD FILL MAX STRAWBERRY MILK
Seriously Pod Fill MAX Strawberry Milk, by Doozy Vape Co., is a unique variation on the intense sweetness of succulent strawberries splashed with milk for a creamier mouthfeel. Explore Doozy Vape Co.’s vast range of e-liquids in their fruity, menthol and dessert-themed grandeur, including their Seriously Bar Salts, Seriously Salty and Seriously Fusionz.
Specifications
Flavours: Strawberries, Milk
Bottle Size: 40ml of e-liquid in a 60ml shortfill bottle
Nicotine Strength: 0mg
Nic-Shots: Space for two 10ml nic shots
VG/PG Ratio: 50/50
Vaping Style: MTL
Manufactured in the UK
Childproof Cap
Tamper-proof Seal
Easy Fill Spout
Established in 2015, Doozy Vape Co. is known globally as a premium-quality e-liquid manufacturer passionate about crafting the most ingenious flavours ever to bless the vaping industry. Thanks to Doozy’s years of expertise, their range covers a variety of flavours in both nicotine salts and shortfills, providing a flawless vaping experience for both mouth-to-lung (MTL) and direct-to-lung (DTL) vapers. Suffice it to say, their variety and delectable flavours make them the ultimate substitute for single-use disposable vapes and guaranteed to suit your refillable pod kit.
Unlike other common shortfills, these Seriously Pod Fill MAX shortfill e-liquids are expertly balanced in a 50/50 VG/PG mix, all suitable and recommended for use with low-powered Vape Starter Kits (mouth-to-lung) and Pod Vape Kits.
Available in a 60ml bottle containing 40ml of e-liquid, the MAX edition empowers vapers to adjust their nicotine strength to their liking further. The bottle leaves space for two optional 10 ml nicotine shots to be added, where one nic shot would ensure a nicotine strength of approximately 3 to 4mg, while two nic shots would achieve roughly 6 to 7mg overall strength.
